March marks Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month, a crucial time to raise awareness about a disease that is often diagnosed late due to its subtle symptoms. As a menopause specialist, I want to highlight the importance of recognizing the signs early, seeking timely diagnosis, and exploring available management options, including what ovarian cancer means for fertility.
What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow uncontrollably, forming tumours. There are different types, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common. Because symptoms are often vague and mistaken for other conditions, ovarian cancer is sometimes referred to as the "silent killer."
Symptoms to Watch For
Ovarian cancer symptoms can be non-specific, making early detection challenging. However, key symptoms include:
Persistent bloating—not just occasional bloating, but a frequent feeling of fullness.
Pelvic or abdominal pain—ongoing discomfort that doesn’t go away.
Changes in appetite—feeling full quickly or experiencing loss of appetite.
Frequent urination—needing to urinate more often than usual.
Changes in bowel habits—constipation or diarrhoea without a clear cause.
Unexplained fatigue—persistent tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest.
Unintentional weight loss—losing weight without trying.
Getting a Diagnosis
Since ovarian cancer symptoms often mimic other conditions, it’s important to seek medical advice if symptoms persist for more than a few weeks. The diagnostic process may include:
Pelvic examination—checking for abnormalities in the ovaries and surrounding area.
Ultrasound or CT scan—imaging to detect masses or irregularities.
CA-125 blood test—measuring levels of a protein that may be elevated in ovarian cancer.
Biopsy or surgery—confirming the diagnosis through tissue sampling.
Management & Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and stage of ovarian cancer. Options include:
1. Surgery
Oophorectomy—removal of one or both ovaries.
Hysterectomy—removal of the uterus, often necessary for advanced cases.
Debulking surgery—removing as much cancerous tissue as possible.
2. Chemotherapy & Targeted Therapy
Chemotherapy—used after surgery or as primary treatment for advanced cases.
Targeted therapy—drugs designed to attack specific cancer cell weaknesses.
3. Hormonal & Immunotherapy
Hormone therapy—used in some ovarian cancer types to slow tumour growth.
Immunotherapy—boosting the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells.
Ovarian Cancer and Fertility
For women diagnosed at a younger age, ovarian cancer can have significant implications for fertility. If only one ovary is affected and removed, the other ovary may still function, allowing for natural conception. In some cases, fertility preservation options, such as egg or embryo freezing, may be available before treatment. It’s essential to discuss fertility concerns with an oncologist and fertility specialist early on.
Ovarian cancer awareness is vital for early detection and better outcomes. Knowing the symptoms and seeking medical advice promptly can make a life-saving difference. If you or someone you know is experiencing persistent symptoms, don’t hesitate to ask for further testing.